Das ist der erste Artikel, eine der neuen Serien zu Werkzeugen, die ich im letzten Posting angekündigt habe. Hypothesis Webservice ist ein Werkzeug für das offene und soziale Kommentieren digitaler Formate (HTML, PDF, EPUB).
Aus Gründen der Übersichtlichkeit habe ich meine Beschreibung von Hypothesis Webservice in mehrere Beiträge unterteilt:
Vorteile von Hypothesis Webservice
Im Vergleich zum Abschicken eines Kommentars am Ende dieser Seite, haben Sie mit Hypothesis Webservice wesentlich erweiterte Möglichkeiten:
Sie können die Stelle markieren, auf die sich Ihr Kommentar bezieht. Damit können Sie direkt auf konkrete Textpassagen Bezug nehmen.
Sie können entscheiden, ob Ihr Kommentar nur für Sie privat, für eine Gruppe eingeladener Personen oder aber ganz öffentlich, d.h. für alle sichtbar ist.
Sie können – wie hier im WordPress Forum – auf einzelne Kommentare antworten, dabei neben Links und Bilder aber auch Videos als Kommentare einbinden.
Damit Sie einzelne Kommentare besser finden, können Sie Ihnen Schlagwörter zuordnen.
Alle Ihre Kommentare – egal auf welcher Webseite sie verfasst wurden, werden auf Ihrer Hypothesis Profilseite (Dashboard) aufgelistet. Sie können die Liste Ihrer Kommentare nach Schlagwort, Benutzer:in, URL oder Gruppennamen filtern.
All diese Vorteile gelten nicht nur für "normale" Webseiten, sondern auch für PDFs und EPUB E-Books, die über Internet-Adressen zugänglich sind.
Als Nachteil empfinde ich es allerdings, dass es derzeit – soweit mir bekannt ist – keine Möglichkeit gibt, die Verantwortlichen der Website zu informieren. Betreiber:innen von Webseiten wissen daher meistens gar nicht, dass ihre Seiten kommentiert wurden.
Das ist übrigens auch eine ethische und machtpolitische Frage, die nicht nur Hypothesis Webservice betrifft: Kommentare mit Annotationswerkzeugen benötigen weder das Einverständnis der Webseiten-Betreiber:innen, noch können sie verhindert werden. Das hat zwar ein starkes demokratisches Momentum, öffnet aber andererseits Hasskommentaren und Trolls Tür und Tor. Wahrscheinlich muss dieser Aspekt in Zukunft – wenn "Open Annotation" sich weiter verbreitet hat, noch eingehender diskutiert werden.
Einen (englischen und aus technischer Sicht geschriebenen) Überblick über die vielfältigen Funktionen und Möglichkeiten von Hypothesis Webservice erhalten Sie hier .
Hypothesis Webservice nutzen
Ich habe seit heute die WordPress Hypothesis Webservice-Erweiterung für Blog-Posts (nicht aber für Seiten) aktiviert. Dass Hypothesis Webservice aktiv ist, erkennen Sie daran, dass Sie – z.B. auf dieser Seite, die Sie soeben lesen – am rechten oberen Rand drei Symbole sehen.
Screenshot 1 : Hypothesis Webservice ist aktiv. Die Symbole bedeuten (von oben nach unten): (A) Dialogfeld auf- / zuklappen (B) Markierungen zeigen / verstecken (C) Kommentar für die gesamte Seite, d.h. keiner spezifischen Stelle zugeordnet
Sie können daher meine Blogposts kommentieren. Aber erwarten Sie keine Antwort von mir: Ich kann nicht jeden Post auf meinen Seiten ständig auf Kommentare absuchen. Experimentell habe ich jedoch zwei Gruppen eingerichtet:
Gruppe Gedankensplitter : In dieser Gruppe können Interessierte Artikel auf meinem Weblog diskutieren. Ich weiß noch nicht genau, ob und wie das funktioniert, oder wohin das führt. Es ist eben ein Experiment.
Gruppe zum AWDW-Buchprojekt : Ebenfalls experimentell eingerichtet, soll diese englischsprachige Gruppe das Thema "Academic Working in a Digitiezed World" sozial annotieren.
Hypothesis Webservice aktivieren
Um Hypothesis Webservice zu aktivieren, müssen Sie sich jedoch zuerst einmal anmelden. Erst dann können Ihre Beiträge Ihnen zugeordnet werden. Wenn Sie nicht nur meine Posts kommentieren wollen, so empfehle ich, dass Sie sich gleich auf der Hypothesis-Webseite direkt anmelden. Sie können dann kostenlos alle im Web frei zugänglichen Seiten, PDFs und EPUBs kommentieren.
Nach der Registrierung müssen Sie nur noch die Chrome Erweiterung oder das Bookmarklet installieren und schon können Sie mit dem Kommentieren beginnen. Alternativ können Sie natürlich ohne Installation einer Browser-Erweiterung – auch meine WordPress-Erweiterung nutzen. Eine Zusammenstellung der vielfältigen Installations-Möglichkeiten finden Sie in meinem Beitrag Hypothesis Client installieren .
Damit Sie gleich die nachfolgenden Erklärungen selbst umsetzen (üben) können, empfehle ich zwei URLs:
Es gibt eine Reihe öffentlicher Kommentare auf der Webseite der W3C Web Annotation Working Group ..
Climate Feedback ist eine Gruppe von Expert:innen, die Artikel zum Klima kritisch evaluieren. Diese Gruppe ist ein Partnerprojekt von Hypothesis Webservice, mit der Besonderheit, dass die Kommentare auch ohne Mitgliedschaft einsehbar sind.
From Work to Text ist eine aktuelle (Wintersemester 2022) öffentliche Gruppendiskussion Studierender auf einer WordPress-Seite.
Hypothesis Webservice handhaben
Textpassagen markieren (Highlights erstellen)
Wenn Sie einen Text selektieren, erscheint unter der Selektion ein kleines Fenster mit der Auswahl Annotate (Annotieren bzw. Kommentieren) oder Highlight (Markieren).
Screenshot 2 : Texte selektieren mittels Hypothesis Webservice
Wenn Sie "Highlight" wählen, dann wird Ihr Text gelb markiert. Mit Hypothesis Webservice erstellte Highlights sind das digitale Äquivalent des Hervorhebens von Textpassagen mittels eines gelben Markers. Highlights sind mit der Textpassage fest verankert, unabhängig vom Format der Webseite bzw. des Textes (Breite, Schriftgröße, Font).
Screenshot 3 : Textpassagen markieren mit Hypothesis Webservice
Standardmäßig sind diese Hervorhebungen nur für Sie zugänglich ("private"). Damit soll verhindert werden, dass die (vielen) Markierungen nicht den Blick auf die Kommentare verstellen. Sie können natürlich jederzeit diese Hervorhebungen für Ihre Gruppe oder aber für alle Personen mit einem Hypothesis Webservice Konto sichtbar machen. Dazu klicken Sie einfach auf die gelbe Markierung.
Textpassagen kommentieren (annotieren)
Wählen Sie hingegen "Annotate", so wird sowohl der Text markiert als auch das Dialogfenster von Hypothesis Webservice geöffnet. Sie können nun diese markierte Stelle kommentieren und festlegen, wer (welche Gruppe) Ihren Kommentar sehen darf. Außerdem können Sie Schlüsselwörter zum späteren Auffinden dieser Stelle eingeben.
Screenshot 4 : Textpassagen kommentieren mit Hypothesis Webservice
Kommentare sind in der Standardeinstellung immer öffentlich ("public"). Sie können sie aber jederzeit auf eine Liste von Nutzer:innen beschränken oder aber ganz zusperren, sodass diese Anmerkungen nur für Sie selbst ("Only Me") zugänglich sind.
Hier möchte ich noch eine Ergänzung machen, die mich anfangs verwirrt hat: Jede Annotation hat immer eine Gruppen-Zugehörigkeit
und eine Einstellung für die Nutzbarkeit (privacy). Beides wird angezeigt. Wenn Sie also einen Kommentar als "Only Me" abspeichern, sehen Sie auch die Gruppe (z.B. "public"), unter der Sie diesen Kommentar nur für sich selbst abgespeichert haben. Tatsächlich können aber nur Sie diese Anmerkung sehen.
Der nachfolgende Screenshot zeigt das Erstellen einer privaten (Only-Me) Notiz im Public-Modus.
Auf meiner Profilseite wird diese Annotation so dargestellt, als wäre sie öffentlich zugänglich. Das ist aber nicht der Fall, wie das gesperrte Schloss neben dem Nutzernamen zeigt. Irritierend ist es aber trotzdem…
Dass es sich tatsächlich um eine private Notiz handelt, wird deutlich, wenn das von mir vergebene Schlagwort "test-pb" unter einem anderen Account aufgerufen wird. Der private Kommentar des Users "petzi" kann vom User "jpraker" nicht eingesehen werden.
Um jegliche Irritation zu vermeiden, habe ich eine eigene Gruppe ("pb") nur für mich gegründet. Darin sammle ich alle meine privaten Kommentare. Das hat auch den Vorteil, dass ich auf meiner Profilseite ("Dashboard") alle meine Kommentare mit dieser privaten "Gruppe" dann auflisten kann. (Das ist allerdings auch mit der Suche nach "only-me" unter meinem Usernamen möglich.)
Antworten
In Hypothesis Webservice sind auch Antworten auf Kommentare möglich. Es kann sich daher eine rege Diskussion zu einer ganz bestimmten Textstelle entwickeln.
Screenshot 5 : Auf einen Kommentar antworten
Derzeit erhalten die Verfasser:innen des ursprünglichen Posts jedoch keine Benachrichtigung. Daran wird laut Roadmap gerade gearbeitet. Ob diese Funktion aber nur für LMS -Apps realisiert wird oder auch für das allgemeine Hypothesis Webservice verfügbar sein wird, ist aus dem Text für mich nicht klar ersichtlich:
"Bring students and teachers back into the conversation by notifying them when they get a reply."
Zitiert aus der Roadmap
Gruppendiskussion organisieren
Sie können eine neue Gruppe gründen, indem Sie das DropDown Menü am oberen Rand des Dialogfensters von Hypothesis Webservice aufklappen und "New Private Group" wählen. Es öffnet sich dann in Ihrem Browser ein neuer Browser-Reiter, wo Sie den Namen der Gruppe und eine kurze Beschreibung eingeben können.
Screenshot 6 : Eine neue Gruppe gründen
Nachdem Sie die Gruppe gegründet haben, werden Sie auf Ihre Profilseite so umgeleitet, dass Sie nur die (noch nicht vorhandenen) Aktivitäten dieser Gruppe sehen. Rechts unten sehen Sie den Link, mit dem Sie Kolleg:innen zur Gruppendiskussion einladen können. Wenn potenzielle Gruppenmitglieder auf diesen über E-Mail oder auf Webseiten positionierten Link klicken, dann werden Sie auf eine Seite mit einer Login Schaltfläche geführt. Hypothesis Webservice ermöglicht damit gemeinschaftliches Kommentieren von Gruppen – eine Funktion, die insbesondere für Lerngruppen von großer Relevanz ist.
Screenshot 7 : Eine neue Gruppe wurde gegründet.
Wenn eine Gruppe bereits existiert, können Sie auf der Webseite, die Sie annotieren wollen, nur die Aktivitäten (Markierungen, Kommentare) dieser Gruppe sichtbar machen. Alle anderen Aktivitäten von Hypothesis Webservice auf dieser Seite werden dadurch versteckt und Sie können sich voll auf die Gruppendiskussion konzentrieren.
Screenshot 8 : Aktivitäten der AWDW-Gruppe für diese Seite einschalten, einen Einladungslink für andere Diskussionspartner:innen generieren oder die Gruppe verlassen.
Es ist essenziell, dass alle Mitglieder der Gruppe immer zuerst die Gruppe auf jeder zu annotierenden Webseite auswählen, bevor Sie mit dem Kommentieren beginnen.
Zum Unterschied einer geschlossenen Lerngruppe innerhalb eines Lernmanagementsystems (LMS) können alle Gruppenmitglieder (und nicht nur Gruppengründer:innen) andere Diskussionspartner:innen einladen. Auf der Gruppenseite im Dashboard sehen Sie eine Liste aller Mitglieder der entsprechenden Gruppe mit der Anzahl ihrer Beiträge aufgelistet.
Screenshot 9 : Wenn Sie im Browser die URL für die Gruppe "Climate Feedback" eingeben, dann sehen Sie nicht nur die Startseite mit den Aktivitäten der Gruppe, sondern auch die Liste der 141 Mitglieder mit der Anzahl ihrer Kommentare.
Diese geringe Steuerungsmöglichkeit des frei zugänglichen kostenlosen Hypothesis Webservice kann als Schwäche interpretiert werden. Es entspricht jedoch der Philosophie der Entwickler:innen den (demokratischen) Prozess der Kommentierung nicht einzuschränken. Alle öffentlichen Kommentare sind beliebig nutzbar, weil sie mit der Nutzung von Hypothesis Webservice automatisch unter Creative Commons als Public Domain Lizenz (CC0 1.0 ) freigeschaltet sind.
Gesamte Webseite kommentieren
Es ist möglich auch die gesamte Webseite im Sinne von Social Bookmarking zu kommentieren. Dazu muss auf das Symbol unter dem Auge geklickt werden. Es öffnet sich dann ein Dialogfenster für Kommentare, die nicht an bestimmte Textpassagen gebunden sind. Sie können die Berechtigung wie bei allen Kommentaren einstellen (öffentlich, Gruppe oder "Only Me") und es lässt sich auch mit Antworten eine Debatte dazu entwickeln.
Screenshot 10 : Gesamte Webseite kommentieren.
Profilseite (Dashboard)
Alle registrierten Nutzer:innen von Hypothesis Webservice haben eine Profilseite, die der Funktion einer Homepage gleichkommt. Auf dieser Seite gibt es vielfältige Möglichkeiten (siehe dazu auch den Videoausschnitt ab 13:14 von .
Es kann nach Kommentaren mit verschiedenen Parametern gesucht werden.
Es können die Kommentare nach Nutzer:innen, Schlagwörtern, URLs oder Gruppennamen gefiltert werden.
Nach privaten und öffentlichen Kommentaren kann gesucht werden.
Vor allem aber kann von einem bestimmten Kommentar zur entsprechenden Passage im Originaltext gesprungen und daher der Kontext zur entsprechenden Notiz hergestellt werden.
Screenshot 11 : Startseite (Dashboard), die öffentliche Kommentaren chronologisch sortiert anzeigt. Es können einzelne Kommentare eingesehen und zum jeweiligen kommentierten Dokument gesprungen werden. Die Liste kann nach verschiedenen Optionen gefiltert werden: user, tag, url group.
Hypothesis Webservice fördert demokratischen Diskurs
Die Bedeutung von Hypothesis Webservice für Demokratie- und Lernprozesse ist aus meiner Sicht nicht hoch genug einzuschätzen.
Hypothesis Webservice wird als Open Source von einer gemeinnützigen Organisation entwickelt, deren Anliegen es ist, über das globale Internet mehrere Schichten des demokratischen Diskurses zu legen.
Screenshot 12 : Schichten des Internet-Diskurses, wie es von Hypothesis Webservice geplant ist. , 5:03 .
Ironischerweise hatten Mark Andreeson und Eric Bina im allerersten Internetbrowser Mosaic 1993 soziale Annotation bereits mitgedacht und programmiert. Als sie jedoch die enorme Herausforderung erkannten, die das Management von Milliarden von Kommentaren weltweit erfordert, schalteten sie diese Funktion wieder ab 0:39 !
Remi Kalir und Antero Garcia betonen fünf Aspekte für webbasierte Kommentare:
Informationen übermitteln
Kommentare gemeinsam nutzen
Konversationen initiieren
Macht ausdrücken
Lernprozesse unterstützen.
Auf diese fünf Aspekte von Annotation werde ich noch in einem eigenen Artikel zu sprechen kommen, wenn ich "Annotation ", einem im Internet bereits vor der Drucklegung kommentierten Buch, das sich speziell dem Thema "Digitale Annotation" widmet , rezensiere.
Weiterführende Links
Die Startseite von Hypothesis Webservice
Die Hilfeseiten von Hypothesis Webservice sind gut ausgebaut. Seltsamerweise gibt es kein webbasiertes Forum der Community. Durch Zufall habe ich das E-Mail-basierte Google Gruppenforum gefunden.
Sehr hilfreich ist die Bildungsseite von Hypothesis Webservice, die ihre Inhalte nach den Zielgruppen (Lehrer:innen, Student:innen und Administrator:innen) anbietet. Darin finden sich nicht nur Tipps und Kurzanleitungen für Lehrer:innen und Student:innen , sondern auch Erfahrungsberichte und Hinweise für einzelne Fachgruppen (Digital Literacy, Sprachen, Geschichte, Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik, K-12 Education etc.).
Empfehlungswert sind auch viele Videos, allen voran der YouTube-Kanal von Hypothesis Webservice.
Ein besonderes Gimmick sind die inzwischen auf bereits 38 auf der Liquid Margins Seite versammelten Online-Präsentationen. Diese aufgezeichneten Zoom-Veranstaltungen sind nicht immer direkt zu Hypothesis Webservice, sondern kreisen um die allgemeineren Themen der gemeinschaftlichen Annotation und des soziales Lernens. Die letzte Veranstaltung am 9. Februar 2023 lautete beispielsweise: “Liquid Margins 38: The rise of ChatGPT and how to work with and around it”. Interessierte können sich für die Veranstaltungen mit einem Webformular anmelden und über Zoom live daran teilnehmen.
Zum Schluss möchte ich noch auf meine eigenen Beiträge, die ich zu Beginn dieses Artikels erwähnt habe, verweisen.
Literatur
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