Remi Kalir und Antero Garcia haben mit "Annotation" ein Buch über die verschiedenen Funktionen von web-basierten Kommentaren vorgelegt . Um den Titel gerecht zu werden und gleichzeitig dir Vorteile sozialen Kommentieren exemplarisch aufzuzeigen, wurde das Buch vor der Publikation für einige Monate zur Annotation eingeladener Personen freigegeben. Obwohl Anmerkungen nun nicht mehr möglich sind, können Buchtext und Anmerkungen weiterhin öffentlich eingesehen werden .
Grafik 1: Bucheinband von "Annotation"
MIT Press und das MIT Media Lab hat für dieses Experiment die Community-Plattform PubPub zum sozialen Annotieren entwickelt. Inzwischen gibt es bereits 3000 Communitys, die die frei zugängliche Open Source Plattform nutzen.
Definition von Annotation
Grafik 2 : Aristoteles: Libri Naturalis. 13.Jhdt. British Library. Screenshot aus dem YouTube Video "Introduction to Web Annotation with Hypothesis": Position 0:35 Sekunden.
Die Autoren definieren als Annotation eine Notiz, die einem Text beigefügt wurde. Eine bloße Textmarkierung wäre demnach keine Annotation.
In this book, we’ll take an even simpler approach and define annotation as:A note added to a text .
Zeige diese Definition im Kontext.
Ich verwende hingegen den Begriff der "Annotation" gleichlautend mit "Anmerkung" und "Kommentar". Nach meiner Auffassung ist nämlich auch das Markieren des Textes bereits eine Anmerkung. Sie hebt die Textpassage hervor und fügt damit virtuell die Notiz bzw. den Kommentar "Wichtig!" an diese Textstelle an. Für mich ist daher jede Art von Intervention eine Annotation!
Für die Buchautoren sind zwei Eigenschaften für die Definition von "Text" erforderlich:
Jeder Text hat einen Autor, eine Autorin.
Texte haben eine Botschaft, sie kommunizieren einen Inhalt.
"Text" ist aus meiner Sicht von dieser Konzeption her, sehr weit gefasst zu verstehen. Ich fasse darunter z.B. auch Produkte, Grafiken und Videos. Das Preisschild, das auf der Windschutzscheibe eines Gebrauchtautos sichtbar ist, ist eine Annotation. Auch ein Graffiti auf einer Hauswand ist in diesem Sinne eine Annotation.
Grafik 3: Graffiti als eine Form der Annotation. Foto von Nextvoyage auf Pexels.com
Die Autoren von "Annotation" verwenden immer nur die Einzahl des Begriffes, weil sie Annotation als ein Genre (Gattung) einer Darstellungsform klassifizieren. Es stellt eine Kombination von Lesen, Denken, Schreiben und Kommunizieren dar.
Leser:innen einer Annotation werden zu Akteuren, weil sie den Sinn eines Textes durch ihre Interpretation mit erzeugen! Im Umkehrschluss wiederum bedeutet dies, dass eine Annotation ohne ihren Kontextbezug (meist) wertlos ist.
Ebendarum ist es entscheidend, dass alle Kommentare und Notizen mit einem Link zu ihrem ursprünglichen Kontext zurückverweisen. Diesen Link für alle Formen der Annotation automatisch zur Verfügung zu stellen, ist eine der wichtigsten Funktionen moderner Notizen-Applikationen.
Annotation und ihre 5 Ziele
Das wesentliche Argument des Buches besteht darin, dass fünf unterschiedliche Zwecke einer Annotation unterschieden und untersucht werden.
Annotation als Information
Die Information kann über viele Formen und unterschiedliche Medien vermittelt werden. Der Wert dieser Information hängt von mehreren Faktoren ab:
Qualität : Ist die Annotation nützlich, relevant und kommt sie zur richten Zeit?
Kontext : Gibt es ausreichend Kontext zur Annotation, um ihre Bedeutung erschließen oder interpretieren zu können?
Modalität : Entspricht die mediale Form der intendierten Aussage?
Zuschreibung : Welcher Wert wird der Annotation zugeschrieben (z.B. weil sie von Anfänger:innen oder Expert:innen verfasst wurde)?
Zugänglichkeit : Soll die Annotation für alle oder nur für einen beschränkten Personenkreis zugänglich sein?
Als Beispiel zur Informationsfunktion von Annotation verweisen die Autoren auf die Plattform Genius , die gemeinschaftliches Annotieren von Liedtexten nach vorgegebenen Regeln organisiert.
Ein ähnliches Beispiel, das mir hier einfällt, ist Goodreads . In der Funktion eines Bibliothekars ("Librarian ") können Informationen zum Setting eines Buches, seiner Charaktere und Schauplätze annotiert werden.
Grafik 4: Annotation in Goodreads: Teil des Buchformulars, mit dem Bibliothekare ("Librarians") zusätzliche Information zum Setting des Buches, deren Charaktere und Schauplätze eingegeben werden können.
Annotation als Austausch
Ein wesentlicher Unterschied web-basierter Annotation ist der Austausch der Kommentare. Zwar können auch in einem Buch Anmerkungen von anderen gelesen und gewürdigt werden (z.B. ein Buch in einer Leihbibliothek), aber das ist normalerweise nicht intendiert.
Der W3C Standard zur Annotation hat sich daher speziell mit der Open Annotation Community Group ein Open Annotation Data Model entwickelt.
Um den Austausch möglichst breitflächig zu ermöglichen, werden häufig eigene Annotationssysteme entwickelt. Ein illustratives Beispiel ist die Annotation von Schachspielen und die musikalische Notenschrift . Ohne diese speziellen Annotationssysteme wäre eine Weitergabe sowohl zum Spielen als auch zum Lernen kaum möglich.
Annotation als Konversation
Eine weitere Funktion einer Annotation ist es, eine Konversation zu initiieren. Kommentare laden zur Diskussion ein, entzünden Widerspruch oder organisieren Bestätigung. Dabei werden die originalen Inhalte vertieft, kritisiert und/oder weiter entwickelt.
Ein Beispiel, das zeigt, wie Annotation die Qualität von web-basierten Informationen systematisch hinterfragt, und dabei den Diskurs anregt, ist ClimateFeedback.org . ClimateFeedback ist ein weltweites Netzwerk von Wissenschaftler:innen, die Aussagen zum Klima auf ihren Wahrheitsgehalt prüfen und gegebenenfalls richtigstellen.
“Is this article consistent with the latest thinking and knowledge in science?” “Would experts in this field endorse the main message of this article?”
Zeige den Kontext dieses Zitats
Die Gruppe der Umweltexpter:innen bewertet die wissenschaftliche Qualität der evaluierten Artikel von -2 (very low scientific credibility) bis + 2 (very high scientifc credibility). Es gibt Webseiten, die den Evaluierungsprozess und die Bewertungskriterien erklären.
Mit dem impliziten Dialogcharakter einer Annotation wird die Rolle der Zivilgesellschaft angesprochen. Die Autoren von Annotation haben die verschiedenen Aktivitäten zu zehn zivile Praktiken mit dem Akronym SUBLIMINATES verdichtet:
S ummarizing
U npacking,
B uilding
L inking
I llustrating
M using
A ffiliating
T ranslating
E valuating
S haring
The acronym SUBLIMATES is our useful heuristic to cohesively describes ten civic writing practices that educators have demonstrated during annotation conversation: summarizing, unpacking, building, linking, illustrating, musing, affiliating, translating, evaluating, and sharing. For example, educators might write annotation to question assumptions about civic education (unpacking), critique claims about students’ learning (evaluating), or explain the pedagogical or political relevance of a topic (illustrating).
Zeige Zitat im Kontext
Annotation als Machtinstrument
Keine Annotation spielt sich im machtfreien Raum ab. Allein, wer das Recht hat, einen Text zu annotieren, wird durch Macht bestimmt: Annotationen sind in diesem Sinne Ausdruck von Machtverhältnissen. Annotierende Personen können vielfache Rollen annehmen, wie z.B.
Wissenschaftler:innen, die haltlose Behauptungen kritisieren,
Lehrer:innen, die eine Aufgabe von Schüler:innen beurteilen oder
Künstler:innen, die eine rassistische Schlagseite durch ein Kunstwerk öffentlich kritisieren.
Eine Annotation ist ein Werkzeug wie ein Megafon, Tweet, Spraydose oder Plakat, das ganz gezielt für Machtzwecke seitens der Annotierenden genutzt werden kann.
Grafik 5 : Niema Movassat hat mit obiger "Tweetkorrektur " die von Bundeskanzler Olaf Scholz geprägte Position der deutschen Bundesregierung kritisiert.
Als Ausdruck von Machtverhältnissen kann jede Annotation in vierfacher Hinsicht hinterfragt werden:
Sind Autor:innen von der Gesetzeslage (z.B. Hate Speech ) oder von Ihrer Stellung (z.B. AI Bots) her zur Annotation berechtigt?
Braucht es für die Annotation die Einwilligung bzw. Zustimmung der Webseiten-Betreiber:innen?
Ist das Ziel der Annotation (moralisch, gesetzlich etc.) legitim?
Ist der Effekt der Annotation wünschenswert und vertretbar?
Annotation als Lernhilfe
Schließlich kann Annotation auch als Lerninstrument eingesetzt werden. Ich habe "kann" kursiv gesetzt, um deutlich zu machen, dass nicht automatisch jede Annotation Lernprozesse positiv fördert.
In this respect, we do not presume a causal relationship between annotation and learning. Annotation does not invariably or always lead to better, more meaningful, or more engaged learning. Recent research, for example, found that there was no significant relationship between college students who highlighted portions of an open access biology textbook and their quiz performance. Rather, we recognize that annotation can aid learning when it is complementary to other activities under certain circumstances.
Zeige Zitat im Kontext
Ich habe darauf auch bereits im Blogbeitrag Texte markieren , auf diese überschätzte Studientechnik hingewiesen. Übrigens zeigt obiges Zitat, dass die Buchautoren ihre eigene Definition von Annotation nicht ernst nehmen. Nach ihrer Auffassung stellt "a highlighted [text] portion" gar keine Annotation dar. Das von ihnen zitierte Beispiel wäre daher auch nicht unter der Beziehung von Annotation und Lernen einzuordnen.
Zusammenfassung und weiterführende Links
Das Buch diskutiert relativ eingängig fünf verschiedene Dimensionen einer Annotation. Dabei werden nicht nur theoretische Betrachtungen angestellt, sondern auch viele praktische Beispiele vorgestellt. "Annotation" ist daher ein wertvoller Einstieg, um sich mit Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft von Annotation auseinanderzusetzen.
Abschließend möchte ich noch einige weiterführende Links zur praktischen Nutzung von Annotationen unkommentiert zusammenstellen. Ich plane, einige dieser Links in Blogposts noch näher zu beschreiben.
Verwendete Literatur
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